Implementation Of Classical Ethical Principles Of Just In Bello In International Humanitarian Law 2022–2025: Case Study Of The Russia–Ukraine And Israel–Palestine Conflicts

Abstract

This research evaluates the interpretation and implementation of the principles of jus in bello: distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and precaution in the Russia–Ukraine and Israel–Palestine conflicts. The analysis results reveal the frequent violations of the principles of distinction and proportionality due to claims of strategic necessity, as well as the failure of precautionary measures in minimizing civilian casualties. Although the enforcement framework of IHL through the UN, ICJ, and ICC is strong normatively, its effectiveness is hindered by politics and resources. In conclusion, the enforcement of jus in bello requires more effective international coordination, clear new weapon regulations, and the cultivation of HHI compliance among the military.