Artificial Intelligence In The Indonesian Legal System: Regulatory Challenges And Legal Accountability

Abstract

Rapid AI development in Indonesia has not been matched by a comprehensive regulatory framework. This article examines regulatory challenges and models of legal accountability for AI-caused harm, together with strategies for cross-border enforcement against foreign AI providers through normative legal research using statutory, conceptual and comparative approaches. The findings show fragmented sectoral regulation and limitations of fault-based liability when applied to autonomous and opaque AI systems. The article proposes a risk-based regulatory framework, strict liability combined with the precautionary principle and multitiered accountability among developers, providers and users, supported by proportional criminal and administrative measures for high-risk systems. To overcome the limits of transnational enforcement, it recommends a domestic- anchor strategy comprising local legal representatives, financial security, graduated sanctions and international cooperation.